Matthew Lee · AI law barrister
Media, publications
& recognition
Doughty Street Chambers · Natural & Artificial Law
Lexology IndexRecommendedArtificial Intelligence – Contentious ↗My AI law research is cited in evidence to Parliament, academic research and legal commentary. Explore the sources, my published articles and speaking engagements.
AI law · Civil and public law
Research used beyond this website
Parliamentary evidence, universities and journals
My work on AI hallucination cases, judicial AI and the legal implications of artificial intelligence is cited and discussed across research and practice.
Bar Standards Board
The Bar Standards Board cites the AI Hallucination Cases Tracker in footnote 10 of its written evidence to Parliament.
Read the sourceCambridge & Nuffield Foundation
The Cambridge report, commissioned by the Nuffield Foundation, cites the UK tracker and uses its data.
Read the sourceUNSW · GenAI, Fake Law & Fallout
The UNSW report cites Matthew’s tracker and acknowledges its contribution to research. The project was funded by the Australian Academy of Law.
Read the source- Artificial Intelligence: Finance, Law, and Control
George A. Walker’s article cites Matthew’s tracker as a continuing record of decisions involving hallucinations.
- Natural vs artificial intelligence: who is going to win the battle in the courts?
Len D’Cruz’s article names Matthew and cites his UK hallucinated-citations analysis in reference 2.
- Invisible No More: How AI Chatbots Are Reshaping Violence Against Women and Girls
The report quotes Matthew’s expert interview contribution on the risks and regulation of conversational AI systems.
- Treaty-Following AI
The Institute for Law & AI working paper cites Matthew’s analysis of AI personhood and the European Convention on Human Rights.
- United Kingdom – AI Justice Atlas
The Oxford AI Justice Atlas links to Matthew’s false-citations analysis in its United Kingdom overview.
These links show the specific citation, reference or contribution. They do not imply that an institution or publisher endorses this website or my practice.
In the legal and national press
AI law research in the news
Reporting draws on my analysis of fabricated authorities, judicial AI use and the opportunities and risks of AI in legal proceedings.
The Telegraph
British judges are now routinely using AI. Not all of them are happy about it
Read the articleLegal and professional coverage
Law Society Gazette
Reports Matthew’s warning about fabricated authorities becoming embedded in judgments.
Read the sourceLegal Futures
Names Matthew and quotes his analysis of the CPS’s use of hallucinated authorities.
Read the source- AI law firm wins case as lawyers call for guidance
Names Matthew and draws on his reported figures for AI hallucinations in employment tribunal proceedings.
- What impact is AI having on planning systems?
The Land Journal article names Matthew and uses figures from his UK tracker when discussing AI in planning.
- AI issues in the First Tier Tribunal (Property Chamber) and Upper Tribunal (LC)
Giles Peaker thanks Matthew and his case-tracking work for identifying the decisions discussed.
Browse the wider press and professional archive, including LexisNexis and other publications.
Articles by Matthew Lee
Published legal writing
Selected articles on AI hallucination cases, chatbot harm, civil justice, evidence and equality. The 42BR article was co-authored with Michael Grant.
- AI Hallucinations and the Discipline of Legal Authority
- Fake cases… Will hallucinations stop?
- Chatbot-related harm
- Chat GPT prompts: relied upon as evidence
- The rise and rise of fake cases
- Seven key insights: Lord Justice Birss considers AI in civil justice
- Mortgage Lenders Beware: AI Transparency and the Rise of AI Discrimination Claims
Recent articles on Natural & Artificial Law
Browse all articles →
Will AI Replace Lawyers? A 300-page ChatGPT Skeleton Argument and a Police Officer asks AI to create a VPS to make “a judge or reader weep”.
Read the legal article →
First Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal Case Involving AI Hallucinations: Registered Foreign Lawyer Struck Off as the Tracker Reaches 76 UK Cases of AI Hallucinated/False Citations (Confirmed or Suspected)
Read the legal article →
How Many Times Have False Citations or AI Hallucinations Entered Judicial Decisions? A Survey of 11 Matters from the US, India, UK and South Africa
Read the legal article →
Lectures, teaching and public discussion
Speaking about AI and legal practice
I speak, lecture and teach on AI and legal practice, including legal research, evidence, litigation, access to justice and equality.
Future Disputes UK 2026
Keynote address on AI, litigation, evidence and judgment.
Read the sourceInner Temple
Listed speaker for the Inner Temple’s AI and the Bar webinar on legal research and practice.
Read the sourceFuture Disputes UK keynote: The AI-Assisted Dispute: Litigation, Evidence and Judgment in the Age of Artificial Intelligence.
The wider record
Where my work is cited and discussed
Publications, organisations and professional discussions that cite, quote, link to or acknowledge my work. Each name links to a source. My own published articles are listed separately above.
Research, journals and institutional references
- Bar Standards Board · evidence to Parliament
- University of Cambridge / Nuffield Foundation
- UNSW · Australian Academy of Law-funded report
- The International Lawyer · American Bar Association
- BDJ In Practice
- Missouri Business, Entrepreneurship & Tax Law Review
- Institute for Law & AI
- KULA
- University of Dundee · research paper
- Swansea / Durham · Invisible No More
National and international news
Legal, professional and research commentary
- Law Society Gazette
- Legal Futures
- Personnel Today
- Privacy Laws & Business
- Fenwick Elliott
- LexisNexis Caribbean
- Family Law / LexisNexis
- News on the Block
- RICS Land Journal
- Kingsley Napley
- AIOM
- Good Law Project
- IPKat
- Nearly Legal
- VinciWorks
- International Tax Journal
- OBITER
- Craighead Kellas
- AIMultiple
- Mitali Deypurkaystha
- JurisNewsletter
- Liahnson
- eChai Ventures
- Fast Data Science
- Lextrapolate
- Tann Law
- Steven Mather Solicitor
- Commercial Law Barrister
- Note.com
- RMOK Legal
- Safe Workplace
University research guides
Newsletters and republication
Individual references and publication details
Open a category for article titles and context, including additional references from the same publication. Some publishers require registration or a subscription.
Research, institutional references and professional resources15 entries
- Written evidence submitted by the Bar Standards Board
The Bar Standards Board cites the AI Hallucination Cases Tracker in footnote 10 of its written evidence to Parliament.
- Artificial intelligence & justice
The Cambridge report, commissioned by the Nuffield Foundation, cites the UK tracker and uses its data.
- GenAI, Fake Law & Fallout: A review of the misuse of generative artificial intelligence in legal proceedings
The UNSW report cites Matthew’s tracker and acknowledges its contribution to research. The project was funded by the Australian Academy of Law.
- Artificial Intelligence: Finance, Law, and Control
George A. Walker’s article cites Matthew’s tracker as a continuing record of decisions involving hallucinations.
- Natural vs artificial intelligence: who is going to win the battle in the courts?
Len D’Cruz’s article names Matthew and cites his UK hallucinated-citations analysis in reference 2.
- Beyond the Prompt: The Social Costs of Generative Artificial Intelligence
The article cites Matthew’s analysis of chatbot-harm litigation in footnote 88.
- Treaty-Following AI
The Institute for Law & AI working paper cites Matthew’s analysis of AI personhood and the European Convention on Human Rights.
- Probabilistic Obliteration and Formulaic Fabrication: Citational (In)justice in the Age of Generative Artificial Intelligence
Joel Blechinger’s article includes Matthew’s AI Hallucination Cases Tracker in its references.
- Useful Tool, Legal Spam, Near Miss or Harm? Categorising Litigant in Persons’ Use of Generative AI in UK Courts and the Need for Guidance
The publicly available pre-submission paper cites Matthew’s UK tracker in footnote 13.
- Invisible No More: How AI Chatbots Are Reshaping Violence Against Women and Girls
The report quotes Matthew’s expert interview contribution on the risks and regulation of conversational AI systems.
- Citing the Unseen: AI hallucinations in tax and legal practice
The article cites Matthew’s reporting on UK false citations and international AI hallucination cases.
- AI Hallucination Cases: Australia
References Natural & Artificial Law’s analysis of AI hallucinations in Australian proceedings.
- Comparing AI Incident and Litigation Trackers
Includes Matthew’s collections in a comparison of public AI incident and litigation trackers.
- What impact is AI having on planning systems?
The Land Journal article names Matthew and uses figures from his UK tracker when discussing AI in planning.
- HALC-Bench: LLM Hallucination on Long-Context Retrieval Benchmark
Includes the AI Hallucination Cases Tracker among the article’s references.
Press and professional commentary32 entries
- British judges are now routinely using AI. Not all of them are happy about it
- FTAV’s Further Reading
- The AI threat is far greater than job losses
The opinion article links to Natural & Artificial Law’s analysis of fabricated legal citations.
- Young Koreans turning to AI lawyers
Names Matthew and quotes his warning, published in Counsel, about unchecked AI errors entering legal proceedings.
- Stop referencing fake case citations, judges warned
Reports Matthew’s warning about fabricated authorities becoming embedded in judgments.
- CPS admits putting hallucinated cases before High Court
Names Matthew and quotes his analysis of the CPS’s use of hallucinated authorities.
- AI law firm wins case as lawyers call for guidance
Names Matthew and draws on his reported figures for AI hallucinations in employment tribunal proceedings.
- UK forging its own path while partly shadowing EU policies
Names Matthew when discussing reported UK cases involving confirmed or suspected AI hallucinations.
- The logical fallacy of Artificial Intelligence
Names Matthew and refers to his tracking of reported AI-related issues in legal proceedings.
- AI in the Courtroom
Refers to Matthew’s warning about fabricated authorities being repeated in judgments.
- Judges, AI, Rule of Law
Reports Matthew’s contribution to discussion of judicial AI and the repeated citation of fabricated authorities.
- AI phonetics from Claude rejected by UK tribunal as irrelevant to consumer perception
Credits Natural & Artificial Law as the source for a summary of AI-related tribunal developments.
- Fake law: Barrister suing Dan Neidle relied on cases from ChatGPT
Names Matthew and links to his reporting on fabricated legal authorities.
- Guest Post: Likely to confuse: the IPO battling AI authority hallucinations
Identifies Matthew and links to his collection of reported AI-related cases.
- AI issues in the First Tier Tribunal (Property Chamber) and Upper Tribunal (LC)
Giles Peaker thanks Matthew and his case-tracking work for identifying the decisions discussed.
- AI & Dispute Resolution: Is the construction industry ready for AI-Judges, AI-Arbitrators and AI-Adjudicators?
Stacy Sinclair’s Annual Review article directs readers to Natural & Artificial Law’s hallucination tracker in footnote 7.
- The new competitive edge in Caribbean litigation: AI can draft. Can it defend your argument?
Discusses Matthew’s article on eight common types of AI hallucinations in case law.
- Artificial intelligence and the Family Courts: understanding risk, responsibility and the changing landscape of justice
Highlights Matthew’s work identifying different types of hallucinated legal authorities.
- Can I use ChatGPT (or any other AI) to represent me at the FTT?
References Natural & Artificial Law’s reported case figures in an article about AI and property tribunal proceedings.
- The increasing legal liability of AI hallucinations: why UK law firms face rising regulatory and litigation risk
Links to Matthew’s analysis of UK cases involving false citations and suspected AI hallucinations.
- Mitali Speaks – AI-law research/resources
Mitali Deypurkaystha’s speaking website names Matthew and cites the UK tracker.
- Law and Large Language Model: the effectiveness and limits of AI in legal work
Uses Natural & Artificial Law as a source when discussing government use of AI.
- What Is AI Observability? A Monitoring Guide for Running LLMs and Generative AI Safely
Lists the UK AI Hallucination Cases Tracker as a source in its AI monitoring article.
- How do I fact-check AI answers and avoid hallucinations?
Includes the international AI Hallucination Cases Tracker among its research resources.
- Can I use AI in court?
Identifies Matthew and links readers to his international collection of AI hallucination cases.
- AI Hallucinations in Court: Why UK Lawyers Face Criminal Liability and How to Avoid SRA Sanctions
Thanks Matthew for his continuing work monitoring reported AI hallucination incidents.
- Using AI for Legal Advice: What Works, What Doesn’t, and When to Seek Professional Counsel
Names Matthew and refers readers to his documentation of confirmed and suspected AI hallucination cases.
- AI for Small Law Firms: A Complete Guide to Artificial Intelligence for Solicitors
Directs readers to Matthew’s collection of AI-related cases.
- AI prompts as evidence: what are we really seeing?
Paul Schwartfeger’s article develops a discussion prompted by Matthew’s analysis of AI prompts as evidence.
- 58 UK Cases of AI Hallucinations / Extension of Duties to Litigants in Person
Names Matthew and discusses his reporting on suspected and confirmed AI hallucination cases.
- Women, AI and the Future of Law | Beyond The Fine Print Ep 17
The episode’s accompanying article refers to Matthew’s research on reported UK AI hallucination cases.
- Keeping AI-assisted casework tribunal-ready
Names Matthew and refers to the UK tracker in discussion of AI-assisted workplace casework.
University research guides4 entries
- United Kingdom – AI Justice Atlas
The Oxford AI Justice Atlas links to Matthew’s false-citations analysis in its United Kingdom overview.
- Generative AI Tools and Resources for Law Students
The library’s guide links to the AI Hallucination Cases Tracker and describes its scope.
- Generative AI legal research/resources guide
Includes a link to the AI Hallucination Cases Tracker.
- Faculty AI Resource Hub
Includes a link to the AI Hallucination Cases Tracker in the faculty resource hub.
Republication, newsletters and Chambers articles8 entries
- The rise and rise of fake cases: Current Awareness listing
The library’s Current Awareness service excerpts and links to Matthew’s Counsel article.
- Young Koreans turning to AI lawyers
Republication of The Korea Herald’s article, including its reference to Matthew.
- AI in the Courtroom
Syndicated version of Kingsley Napley’s “AI in the Courtroom”.
- Judges Warned to Stop Citing AI-Generated Fake Cases
Summarises reporting on judges and false citations, naming Matthew and his work.
- The Dangers of Using AI to Assist with Witness Statements: Lessons from Godwin v Godwin
Links to Matthew’s article on AI assistance with witness statements.
- 67 UK Cases of AI Hallucinated/False Citations: An Important Case Involving the CPS
Links to Matthew’s analysis of the CPS case and the UK tracker.
- 12 False Citations/AI Hallucinations Incidents in UK Courts
Matthew’s legal article published through Doughty Street Insights.
- Introducing the International AI Hallucination Tracker
Matthew introduces the international tracker through Doughty Street Insights.
Professional mentions and sharing6 entries
- Invisible No More report launch and acknowledgements
Shares Clare McGlynn’s acknowledgement of Matthew’s interview contribution to the chatbot-harm research.
- AI-generated cases in judicial opinions: implications for legal research platforms
Discusses questions arising from Matthew’s coffee chat about fabricated authorities in judicial opinions.
- AI Hallucination Cases Tracker
Shares Matthew’s announcement of the international AI Hallucination Cases Tracker.
- German-language post concerning names appearing in public AI-hallucination databases
Links to the AI Hallucination Cases Tracker in the author’s own comment beneath the post.
- How to spot hallucinations in court cases
Shares Matthew’s overview of false citations and AI hallucination cases.
- Can Chatbots Replace Lawyers? A Cautionary Note
Shares Matthew’s legal writing and a Doughty Street summary of his UK false-citations analysis.
Explore the work behind the coverage
AI law trackers and reports
Explore public sources on AI legal cases, AI hallucination cases, judicial AI, deepfakes and the question “will AI replace lawyers?”. The collections also examine AI’s potential to improve access to justice and advance equality.
Will AI replace lawyers?
Follow the debate about AI and the future of legal work.
Explore the tracker →
International deepfake case law
Explore proceedings involving alleged, suspected or established synthetic images, audio and video.
Explore the tracker →The AI Law Reports
I also founded The AI Law Reports, bringing AI-related legal developments together through familiar areas of practice, alongside legal reports and articles.
Tracker inclusion is not a finding. Records may concern a mention, allegation, suspicion or disputed account in a judgment or another public source. Inclusion does not establish that AI was used, that an event occurred, or that anyone acted improperly. Check the underlying source and the stated status.
AI law instructions and enquiries
Discuss an AI legal issue
I accept instructions on many AI law matters, including AI issues arising within an existing case or another area of practice. My work includes legal advice, drafting pleadings, applications and other legal documents, advocacy and representation in disputes and proceedings involving AI.
If an AI legal issue arises, please contact my clerks at Doughty Street Chambers to discuss instructing me. Media, speaking, lecturing and teaching enquiries should also go through my clerks.
