Tracker Status: Active/Monitoring
Publication Date: 16 October 2025
Last Verified: 13 August 2026
Latest Entry: Kudirat Kekere-Ekun
Latest Legal Article: AI in Judicial Decision Making: Dame Victoria Sharp on Balancing Artificial Reason v Human Experience
Author and Contact: Matthew Lee (Barrister) click here for details.
Natural & Artificial Law · Public statements tracker
Will AI replace judges?
Will AI assist judges, take over particular judicial functions, or replace human decision-makers? Explore what judges, lawyers, institutions and technology leaders have said, with context and links to the source material.
The debate at a glance
What do the recorded statements show?
A collection of statements, not a prediction.
These charts describe the statements included in this tracker. They are not a representative survey of judges or the public, and they do not measure the probability that AI will replace judges. Stance is an editorial classification of wording and context. A statement about what AI should do is not necessarily a prediction of what it will do.
Overall stance
All included statements, including institutional and academic contributions.
Judges and lawyers
Statements grouped by the speaker’s recorded professional role.
Technology and investment
The same stance categories, applied to technology and investment voices.
Recorded statements by year
The year of the statement, not the predicted date of replacement.
Country or jurisdiction
The location recorded for each entry; international bodies remain separate.
Who is represented?
Included statements by recorded role group, not a count of unique speakers.
Read the numbers in context. Each included statement counts once. The same speaker may appear on more than one occasion; repeated copies of the same statement are excluded from the charts. Missing or unclear stances remain “Unclassified”. Small groups can produce large percentage swings. Table searches and filters do not change these charts.
Search the Will AI Replace Judges? tracker
Read each statement alongside its date, role, jurisdiction and context. A comment about drafting, routine claims or arbitration should not be read as a claim that every judicial function can be automated.
Charts use reviewed rows marked for inclusion. The table may also contain entries awaiting completion. On smaller screens, use the table’s row controls or scroll within the table where needed.
| Date | Speaker | Role | Country | Context | Notes | Year | Court Level | Function | Quote | Stance | Source | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01/10/2026 | Emad Mostaque | Technology Official | United Kingdom | | | | There will be AI judges. That's going to be a crazy thing, right? What are its biases? What are its norms? These things have to be built transparently with data that you can expect. | Likely | Metapodcast | | ||
| 25/08/2026 | Bryan Sykes | Judge | Jamaica | Chief Justice of Jamaica, annual judicial strategic management retreat. Advocates assistance with information and administration while retaining people. | Government news report, Jamaica Information Service. Date is publication; the report says the retreat was held “recently” and supplies no exact speech date. | 2026 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | So the question is not whether artificial intelligence will replace us… it won’t. | No | Source | No replacement predicted |
| 05/08/2026 | Zaki Azmi | Former judge | Malaysia | Former Malaysian Chief Justice, speaking after the Wisdom Malaysia conference. Rejects complete reliance on AI and reserves final responsibility to humans. | Reported quotation, Bernama, 5 August 2026. Also chair of Pertama Digital at the time; grouped here with judges/lawyers because the statement draws on his judicial role. Not a serving Chief Justice. | 2026 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | Judges must read and interpret the law themselves. | Assist, not replace | Source | Normative position |
| 29/06/2026 | Kudirat Kekere-Ekun | Judge | Nigeria | Chief Justice of Nigeria, keynote at the Nigerian Bar Association Lagos Branch Law Week: technological assistance must preserve judges’ constitutional responsibility. | Reported quotation, PUNCH, 30 June 2026. Speech date is the Monday identified in the report. This is a normative position, not a measured forecast. | 2026 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | Technology is an instrument of justice. It can never become its substitute | Assist, not replace | Source | Not specified |
| 23/06/2026 | Surya Kant | Judge | India | Chief Justice of India, address during a meeting with the Chairman of Russia’s Supreme Court in Moscow. Permits AI assistance while reserving adjudication to people. | Reported quotation, The Pioneer, 24 June 2026. Tuesday speech date used. Replaces the original mixture of quotation and journalistic paraphrase. | 2026 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | it cannot determine outcomes, assess witness credibility, evaluate evidence or exercise judicial discretion | Assist, not replace | Source | Not specified |
| 22/06/2026 | Dame Victoria Sharp | Judge | United Kingdom | President of the King’s Bench Division, speech on judicial independence. Accepts useful support but warns against treating AI as a source of judicial reasoning. | Official speech, delivered 22 June; published 23 June 2026. England and Wales. Caution about judicial independence rather than an absolute prediction. | 2026 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | there is a qualitative difference between assistance and influence. | Assist, not replace | Source | Not specified |
| 05/06/2026 | Gary O’Reilly | Technology official | United Kingdom | HM Courts & Tribunals Service Chief Technology Officer, official article on using AI to improve justice services. | Primary authored government article. Role group reflects his technology office; he is a public-sector CTO, not an AI vendor. Policy statement about HMCTS adoption. | 2026 | General / unspecified | Final judicial determinations | it will not replace the judicial role in final determinations | Assist, not replace | Source | Adoption policy |
| 04/06/2026 | Sir Geoffrey Vos | Judge | United Kingdom | Master of the Rolls, AI in Arbitration: Promises and Pitfalls. The quoted introduction expressly discusses court-based dispute resolution as well as arbitration. | Official speech dated 4 June 2026. Corrected the unrelated April speech link and the original 11 June date. Later paragraphs preserve final human judicial decisions and discuss legislative change. | 2026 | General / unspecified | Limited automated adjudication | AI will eventually be used, not merely to facilitate judicial decision-making, but as the judicial decision-maker in some fields. | Yes to some extent | Source | Eventually; no fixed year |
| 03/06/2026 | Supreme Court of India AI Committee | Institution / regulator | India | Draft Regulations for Use of Artificial Intelligence in Courts, regulation 4(3), circulated for consultation by the Supreme Court’s AI Committee. | Primary draft, notice dated 3 June 2026; consultation deadline 20 June. This row records the draft proposal, not an assertion that it became binding law. PDF page 12 (printed page 7). | 2026 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | The ultimate authority to determine matters of law, fact and justice shall vest exclusively in the judicial officers of the competent jurisdiction. | Assist, not replace | Source | Draft policy at source date |
| 03/06/2026 | Lord Pentland | Judge | United Kingdom | Lord President of Scotland, Royal Faculty of Procurators address. Describes AI efficiencies supporting human judicial work. | Official speech dated 3 June 2026 at its conclusion; webpage posted 5 June. This is a support model, not a prediction of disappearing judges. | 2026 | General / unspecified | Case management and adjudication | judges’ time will be freed up to concentrate on tasks that require the exercise of good human judgement and sound legal reasoning. | Assist, not replace | Source | Not specified |
| 30/04/2026 | Sir Geoffrey Vos | Judge | United Kingdom | Master of the Rolls, Judicial Institute for Scotland lecture. Predicts automated decisions for routine cases, initially by agreement of the parties. | Official speech delivered 30 April; posted 5 May 2026. Human consent, appeal and necessary legislative changes qualify the prediction. Distinct from the 4 June arbitration speech. | 2026 | General / unspecified | Routine case determination | There will be dedicated programmes that will be able to decide many routine cases as reliably as human judges. | Yes to some extent | Source | Future; no fixed year |
| 23/04/2026 | Aidan Xu | Judge | Singapore | Civil justice keynote, paragraph 33. Explores an optional initial system-generated decision, with parties free to challenge it or seek a full human hearing. | Official speech. Explicitly says the system might use rules rather than AI; exploratory language is not evidence of deployment or a firm replacement prediction. | 2026 | General / unspecified | Initial automated disposition | whether we could have an initial decision on a case made by a system, perhaps using rules rather than AI. | Mixed / uncertain | Source | Exploration |
| 22/04/2026 | Sir Colin Birss | Judge | United Kingdom | Chancellor of the High Court, Legal Professional Privilege in the Age of AI, paragraph 9. Judges may use AI but retain personal responsibility. | Official speech. England and Wales. This describes responsibility for assisted work, not a prediction about future job numbers. | 2026 | General / unspecified | Judgment drafting | the content of a judge’s judgement is their full and sole responsibility. | Assist, not replace | Source | Current guidance |
| 05/03/2026 | Lisa Harker | Academic / researcher | United Kingdom | Director of the Nuffield Family Justice Observatory, Bridget Lindley Memorial Lecture. Focuses on children’s and families’ needs and the human experience of family justice. | Officially hosted lecture dated 5 March 2026. Specific to family adjudication and the near term; does not rule out all later automation. | 2026 | Family courts | Family adjudication | we will not be replacing family judges with AI anytime soon. | Unlikely | Source | Not anytime soon |
| 26/01/2026 | Lord Burrows | Judge | United Kingdom | UK Supreme Court Justice, Bar & Bench interview reproduced by the Supreme Court. Adds that public trust is likely to require human supervision. | Date is the official court website republication, confirmed by its news index; the original interview occurred earlier. Wording is a quoted quip qualified by the surrounding discussion. | 2026 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | It would not replace the need for judges, so their jobs were safe! | No | Source | No replacement predicted |
| 19/12/2025 | European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ) | Institution / regulator | Europe | Guidelines on the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence for Courts, paragraph 56: mandatory human responsibility and supervision. | Primary final document CEPEJ(2025)18Final dated 19 December 2025; adopted at the 4–5 December plenary. The URL contains “draft”, but the document itself is final. | 2025 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | Judges retain ultimate and exclusive responsibility for all judicial decisions | Assist, not replace | Source | Policy guidance |
| 18/12/2025 | Richard Susskind | Academic / researcher | United Kingdom | Article advocating a different model of dispute resolution. Predicts AI outcomes for low-value civil disputes before 2030; discusses stronger AI conditionally. | Author’s article reproduced by the Judges Association of New Zealand. Date is the verified republication date, not an inferred original Times date. A UK author; New Zealand is the host site. | 2025 | Low-value civil disputes | Civil dispute resolution | Ask instead: can AI systems generate legal determinations with reasons? Then the answer is yes and a whole new world opens up. | Yes to some extent | Source | Before 2030 for low-value civil disputes |
| 04/12/2025 | Sir Geoffrey Vos | Judge | United Kingdom | Master of the Rolls, Housing Law Practitioners’ Association conference. Suggests technical potential, while leaving society to decide whether machines should determine rights to stay in a home. | Official speech, delivered 4 December; posted 8 December 2025. Completed the previously empty entry. Potential capability is not an unconditional prediction or endorsement. | 2025 | General / unspecified | Property dispute resolution | I am sure that many property disputes could be amenable to machine-made decision-making. | Mixed / uncertain | Source | Future; no fixed year |
| 03/12/2025 | UNESCO | Institution / regulator | International | UNESCO article introducing its Guidelines for the Use of AI Systems in Courts and Tribunals. | Institutional article, published 3 December 2025. Quoted narrative is UNESCO’s published wording, not a quotation attributed to an individual. International guidance, not a global rule of law. | 2025 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | AI can help deliver justice faster and more equitably, but it must always be anchored in human judgment. | Assist, not replace | Source | Policy guidance |
| 29/11/2025 | M. Sundar | Judge | India | Chief Justice of Manipur High Court, South Zone Regional Judicial Conference in Bengaluru. Endorses computational assistance alongside independent human reasoning. | Reported quotation, Times of India, 30 November 2025. Saturday event date used. Corrected court affiliation: Manipur Chief Justice at the time. | 2025 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | AI can assist but cannot replace judicial decision-making. | Assist, not replace | Source | Not specified |
| 31/10/2025 | Sir Colin Birss | Judge | United Kingdom | Lead Judge for Artificial Intelligence, launch of updated judicial guidance. Emphasises individual judicial responsibility for AI-assisted material. | Official launch statement; excerpt from Birss’s quotation. The release identifies him as Lord Justice Birss. Scope is assisted work and accountability, not a blanket prediction. | 2025 | General / unspecified | Judgment drafting | the personal responsibility judicial office holders have for all material produced in their name. | Assist, not replace | Source | Current guidance |
| 15/10/2025 | Sir Geoffrey Vos | Judge | United Kingdom | Master of the Rolls, Legal Geek conference. Poses open questions about machine-made decisions, human choice and Article 6 rather than predicting wholesale replacement. | Official speech text and PDF dated 15 October 2025; webpage posted 16 October. Date follows the speech itself. Repaired the missing source. | 2025 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | What do we, as humans, want human judges rather than machines, to decide in the future? | Mixed / uncertain | Source | Future; open question |
| 10/10/2025 | Joseph A. Zayas | Judge | United States | Chief Administrative Judge of New York, announcement of the Unified Court System’s interim AI policy. | Official press release PR25/23, page 1. Completed the missing quotation. This describes intended use under an interim policy. | 2025 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | It is not designed to replace human judgment, discretion, or decision-making. | Assist, not replace | Source | Interim policy |
| 05/10/2025 | Andrew Bell | Judge | Australia | Chief Justice of New South Wales, ABC interview. Reserves fact-finding and evaluative judicial discretion to people for now; does not reject every AI use. | Reported quotation. Date is initial ABC publication; updated 8 October. Retained the limited scope instead of turning it into a categorical forecast. | 2025 | General / unspecified | Fact-finding and discretion | There are some things that AI can’t do, and which it is desirable it doesn’t do | Mixed / uncertain | Source | For now |
| 09/09/2025 | Richard Niall | Judge | Australia | Chief Justice of Victoria, AI and the Judicial System. Supports useful AI assistance while stressing human responsibility and public confidence. | Official speech, section on the benefits of human judges. A position on the value of human adjudication, not a numerical forecast. | 2025 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | In my view, there is inherent value in human judges making decisions. | Assist, not replace | Source | Not specified |
| 22/08/2025 | Christopher McNall | Judge | United Kingdom | First-tier Tribunal judge in VP Evans and others v HMRC [2025] UKFTT 1112 (TC). Describes using AI summaries for a discrete disclosure application. | Official judgment dated 22 August 2025; replaces the 1 October news-report date. AI use was for document assistance; the judge retained responsibility. | 2025 | First-tier Tribunal (Tax) | Document summarisation | I am the decision-maker, and I am responsible for this material. | Assist, not replace | Source | Reported present use |
| 30/07/2025 | Aidan Xu | Judge | Singapore | High Court judge and Judge in Charge of Transformation and Innovation, IT Law Series. Discusses public trust and risks of AI-written judgments. | Official speech delivered 30 July; posted 6 August 2025, paragraph 20. | 2025 | General / unspecified | Judgment drafting | People will want decisions to be made by human judges and not left by the judges to others or to machines. | Assist, not replace | Source | Not specified |
| 04/06/2025 | Lord Hodge | Judge | United Kingdom | Deputy President of the UK Supreme Court, Constitution Committee, question 11. Discusses voluntary AI outcomes for uneconomic small claims. | Official parliamentary transcript. “Might” and party choice matter; not a claim that binding human adjudication has been replaced. | 2025 | Small claims | Civil dispute resolution | it might be able to give people a decision that they can choose to take. That is for the future. | Mixed / uncertain | Source | Future; conditional |
| 16/05/2025 | Association of European Administrative Judges | Institution / regulator | Europe | Ljubljana Statement on AI, principle 1. Supports appropriate tools for judicial efficiency while reserving adjudication to human judges. | Official statement adopted 16 May 2025. “Shall” is a normative requirement, not a forecast. Europe is a regional jurisdiction label, not a country. | 2025 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | AI shall never replace human judges | Assist, not replace | Source | Normative position |
| 01/05/2025 | Dame Siobhan Keegan | Judge | United Kingdom | Lady Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, British Irish Commercial Bar Association forum. Answering her explicit question whether AI should replace judges and lawyers. | Official speech, conclusion. Cover gives 1 May 2025; “06.05.2025” is the publication filename. “No” records opposition to replacement, not a claim that it is technically impossible. | 2025 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | you will all be relieved to know that my view is that it should not. | No | Source | Normative position |
| 18/02/2025 | Baroness Carr of Walton-on-the-Hill | Judge | United Kingdom | Lady Chief Justice of England and Wales, annual press conference. Also envisages careful AI use for chronologies and triage. | Official transcript. The document cover and every page say 18 February 2025 despite “18.02.24” in the filename. Merged the two original rows for this statement. | 2025 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | We’re never going to have robot judges | No | Source | Never |
| 31/01/2025 | Vytautas Mizaras | Judge | Lithuania | Judge of Lithuania’s Constitutional Court, European Court of Human Rights judicial seminar on AI and fair trial rights. | Official speech, page 7. Merged duplicate rows and replaced the corrupted long quotation, which had omitted “no” before “judgment articulating”. Country is institutional affiliation, not the French event venue. | 2025 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | If AI-based technology is to be employed in the judiciary, it must assist rather than replace human judges. | Assist, not replace | Source | Normative position |
| 23/01/2025 | Steven Chong | Judge | Brunei | Chief Justice of Brunei Darussalam, opening of the legal year. Announces forthcoming guidance while preserving independence, impartiality and accountability. | Official speech dated 23 January 2025, paragraph 11. This is Brunei’s Chief Justice, not the Singapore judge of the same name. | 2025 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | AI lends support to but does not replace judicial functions | Assist, not replace | Source | Policy position |
| 31/12/2024 | John G. Roberts Jr. | Judge | United States | Chief Justice of the United States, 2024 Year-End Report. Explains the significance of human judicial discretion and refers back to his previous report. | Official 2024 report. “Fully” is essential: this rejects complete replacement, not all automation of judicial tasks. | 2024 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | machines will never fully replace human judges. | No | Source | Never fully |
| 03/12/2024 | Sir Colin Birss | Judge | United Kingdom | Lord Justice Birss, Life Sciences Patent Network European conference. Discusses future AI decision-making capability and human appeals, qualified by ethics and human rights. | Official speech delivered 3 December; posted 5 December 2024. Says capability is not yet present. This is a conditional possibility, not a categorical “yes”. | 2024 | General / unspecified | Limited automated adjudication | I would not like to bet against the idea that this capability will arrive in a not-too-distant future. | Mixed / uncertain | Source | Not-too-distant future; no fixed year |
| 24/10/2024 | Richard Wagner | Judge | Canada | Council announcement of guidelines for AI use in Canadian courts, issued under the chairmanship of Chief Justice Richard Wagner. | Official Council release, quoted statement by Chief Justice Richard Wagner as Council chair. Attribution is also corroborated by Canadian Press reporting. | 2024 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | Judges must therefore maintain exclusive responsibility for their decisions; AI cannot replace or be delegated judicial decision-making. | Assist, not replace | Source | Policy guidance |
| 13/10/2024 | Sundaresh Menon | Judge | Singapore | Chief Justice of Singapore, 19th Conference of Chief Justices of Asia and the Pacific, paragraph 13. Urges targeted uses suited to AI’s strengths. | Official speech delivered 13 October; posted 18 October 2024. Distinct from his April conference speech. | 2024 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | using it to supplement rather than to replace human judges and lawyers. | Assist, not replace | Source | Present capabilities |
| 12/10/2024 | Alexander G. Gesmundo | Judge | Philippines | Chief Justice of the Philippines, 19th Conference of Chief Justices of Asia and the Pacific. Emphasises empathy and compassion in equitable remedies. | Official Supreme Court report published 13 October 2024, identifying the speech as 12 October. Short excerpt of the reported direct quotation. | 2024 | General / unspecified | Adjudication and equitable remedies | Courts should still be populated with human judges | Assist, not replace | Source | Not specified |
| 07/08/2024 | D. Y. Chandrachud | Judge | India | Chief Justice of India, interview with Dainik Bhaskar. Warns against over-reliance on AI in legal matters. | Reported quotation in Business Standard, 8 August 2024. The report attributes the remarks to Wednesday, 7 August. Refers to human qualities, not a ban on every AI task. | 2024 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | AI cannot replace the humanity a judge brings to the process | Assist, not replace | Source | Normative position |
| 01/07/2024 | Hong Kong Judiciary | Institution / regulator | Hong Kong | Guidelines on the Use of Generative AI for Judges, Judicial Officers and Support Staff, paragraph 6: no delegation of judicial functions. | Primary guidance dated July 2024, without a specific day. Month-level date retained; Year remains 2024. Hong Kong is retained as a separate jurisdiction label. | 2024 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | should not under any circumstances allow generative AI to take over performance of their judicial functions. | Assist, not replace | Source | Policy guidance |
| 13/06/2024 | European Parliament and Council of the European Union | Institution / regulator | European Union | AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, recital 61. Describes judicial AI as support and reserves final decisions to people. | Primary original legislative text dated 13 June 2024, published 12 July. This is a recital, not a standalone operative prohibition or forecast; later legal changes are outside this historical statement. | 2024 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | the final decision-making must remain a human-driven activity. | Assist, not replace | Source | Legislative position at adoption |
| 17/05/2024 | Mary J. Greenwood | Judge | United States | Presiding Justice, California Court of Appeal, Sixth Appellate District, discussing generative AI with the Judicial Council. | Official California Courts report, 17 May 2024. “It” refers to generative AI. Distinguishes useful technology from adjudication. | 2024 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | It’s not an end, and it’s not a substitute for judicial decision making and due process. | Assist, not replace | Source | Not specified |
| 07/05/2024 | Paul S. Crampton | Judge | Canada | Chief Justice of Canada’s Federal Court, signed notice: the Court will not use AI or automated decision-making for judgments without prior public consultation. | Official revised notice dated 7 May 2024, page 4. Conditional institutional commitment, not an absolute or permanent prohibition. Earlier guidance is not counted separately. | 2024 | Federal Court | Judicial decision-making | to make its decisions or render its judgments, without first engaging in public consultation. | Mixed / uncertain | Source | Unless prior public consultation |
| 13/04/2024 | Sundaresh Menon | Judge | Singapore | Chief Justice of Singapore, inaugural Singapore–India Conference on Technology, paragraph 10. Highlights human aspects of judging and an evolving judicial role. | Official speech delivered Saturday 13 April; posted 15 April 2024. A qualified assessment of replacement, not “never”. | 2024 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | the prospect of “AI judges” replacing human judges is a distant, even a remote one. | Unlikely | Source | Distant / remote |
| 08/03/2024 | Sir Geoffrey Vos | Judge | United Kingdom | AI: Transforming the Work of Lawyers and Judges, paragraph 46. Anticipates parties asking why machines cannot make routine decisions, with human appeal. | Official speech delivered 8 March 2024. The excerpt forms part of a question about likely demand; the speech expressly leaves the wider prediction open. | 2024 | General / unspecified | Routine case determination | routine decisions cannot be made more quickly, and subject to a right of appeal to a human judge, by a machine. | Mixed / uncertain | Source | Possible near-term demand |
| 04/07/2023 | Lord Reed of Allermuir | Judge | United Kingdom | President of the UK Supreme Court, House of Lords Constitution Committee, question 19. Distinguishes difficult appellate questions from routine minor claims. | Official parliamentary transcript. The cautious statement concerns his court, not every kind of judicial work. | 2023 | Supreme Court | Appellate adjudication | It would have to be a very advanced robot that eventually replaced us. | Unlikely | Source | Remote / conditional |
| 11/05/2023 | Sundaresh Menon | Judge | Singapore | Third France–Singapore Symposium, paragraphs 48–49. Distinguishes simple arithmetical civil cases from criminal adjudication and discusses possible human validation. | Official speech page dated 11 May 2023. Exploratory, context-specific position, not a forecast of replacing all judges. | 2023 | Simple civil cases | Civil dispute resolution | We are therefore continuing to study the possible use of AI to support adjudication in such simple civil cases. | Mixed / uncertain | Source | Study / exploration |
| 12/12/2022 | Supreme People’s Court of China | Institution / regulator | China | Official court website report of its Opinions on Regulating and Strengthening the Application of AI in Judicial Fields. | Date is publication of the court-hosted China Daily report. Quote is the report’s description of the policy, not a direct personal quotation or an English quotation from the Chinese instrument. | 2022 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | rulings must always be made by judges, meaning that AI cannot replace courts in deciding cases. | Assist, not replace | Source | Policy position |
| 04/03/2022 | Tania Sourdin | Academic / researcher | Australia | What if Judges Were Replaced by AI?, article abstract. Predicts moves towards replacement in some areas and raises concerns about democratic values and independence. | Author’s SSRN abstract: date written 4 March 2022; posted 13 April 2022. “Likely” records the probabilistic forecast, whose scope is limited to some areas. | 2022 | General / unspecified | Limited automated adjudication | it is also probable that there will be moves over the next decade to entirely replace judges in some areas | Likely | Source | Next decade from 2022 |
| 22/07/2021 | Sundaresh Menon | Judge | Singapore | Chief Justice of Singapore, opening address to the sixth Joint Judicial Conference, paragraph 5. Grounds his prediction in human trust. | Official speech cover says 22 July 2021. The PDF’s embedded title mentions 29 June, which is not the delivery date. Predicts changes to judicial work despite no replacement. | 2021 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | I am sure that AI will never be able to replace human Judges | No | Source | Never |
| 15/04/2021 | S. A. Bobde | Judge | India | Chief Justice of India, remarks on AI and judicial decision-making. Distinguishes assistance from substituting human decisions. | Reported quotation, Bar & Bench, 16 April 2021. Report identifies remarks as Thursday, 15 April. A position on acceptable adjudication, not a measured probability. | 2021 | General / unspecified | Judicial decision-making | It is not possible for a system of justice to accept a machine however intelligent to replace a human decision. | No | Source | Normative position |
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Method, stance labels and caveats
What is being counted?
One sourced statement per included row. Distinct statements by the same speaker may be counted separately. Duplicate copies, rows without substantive wording and rows without a usable source are excluded from the charts until resolved.
Roles describe the capacity recorded for the statement. Institutional statements are separate from individual judges and lawyers. Country and year describe the entry, not the reach of its prediction.
What do the labels mean?
Labels summarise a statement, not a person’s complete views. Predictions, policy positions, present capabilities and legal or ethical objections may differ. Read the full source for qualifications and timing.
Assistance is kept separate from replacement. Function and court level identify the scope where known. Arbitration, administrative tasks and judicial decisions require separate attention.
NoRejects replacement within the scope of the statement.
UnlikelyConsiders replacement unlikely, rather than ruling it out.
Assist, not replaceSupports assistance while retaining human judicial decision-making.
Mixed / uncertainExpresses uncertainty or a materially mixed position.
LikelyPredicts replacement as likely, without a definite conclusion.
Yes to some extentAnticipates substitution in some functions or categories of decision.
YesClearly anticipates replacement within the scope stated; this does not automatically mean every judge.
UnclassifiedNo sufficiently clear stance has yet been assigned. This is not a neutral opinion.
Selection, publication and language biases affect which statements appear. Sources and classifications may be corrected. Figures describe the included material only. This page is legal commentary and a research aid, not legal advice.
Understanding the debate
Does using AI in a court mean judges are being replaced?
No. Research, summarisation, translation and drafting support are different from transferring responsibility for a decision. The relevant question is what the system does and who retains authority and responsibility.
Can these charts tell us whether AI will replace judges?
No. They show how the included statements have been classified. They do not establish technical capability, legal permissibility, public acceptance or a forecast of future adoption.
Why are some statements unclassified?
A statement may not answer the replacement question, may be ambiguous, or may still need assessment. “Unclassified” records that gap and should not be treated as agreement, disagreement or neutrality.
How is the tracker updated, and can I suggest an entry?
Entries and classifications are revised as source material is reviewed. To suggest a statement or correction, send the wording, date, speaker and source through the contact page.
Ad/Marketing Communication
UK‑based legal commentary and comparative analysis of international case law on AI related legal issues. This Will AI Replace Judges? Tracker forms part of lecturing/teaching law and writing/editing law articles/reports and is communicated solely in connection with promoting or advertising Matthew Lee’s practice. Not legal advice. Not Direct/Public Access. All instructions via clerks at Doughty Street Chambers.
Will AI Replace Judges? Tracker. Will AI make judges obsolete? Will it replace judicial functions, and if so, to what extent? Can judges be replaced entirely, or will AI only assist? What do judges, tech leaders, legal institutions and experts actually believe and what have they said on the issue?
Will AI Replace Judges? Tracker
This live tracker collects public comments and official materials on whether AI will replace judges or become part of judging. It covers AI judges, decision support for judges, judicial automation and AI in courts across jurisdictions. Each entry records the speaker or source, role, date, jurisdiction, stance, function and a primary source link. Use the filters to browse by stance, function, jurisdiction and year. Updated weekly.
There’s a lot to upload here, so please bear with me…
If you want the Will AI Replace Lawyers? Tracker that can be found here.
If you want the AI Hallucination Cases Tracker that can be found here.
AI Replacing Judges: What the Quotes Show
The tracker aggregates verifiable statements on judicial automation, augmentation and role change. It distinguishes between complete replacement claims and task-level substitution affecting judges, clerks and court staff, as well as broader effects on judicial functions and decision-making.
Other AI Legal Trackers
If you are looking for the other Trackers maintained on this blog, you can find those here:
Will AI Replace Lawyers? Tracker
AI Hallucination Cases Tracker
Judicial AI Use Tracker (How are Judges Using AI?)
AI Equality, Bias, AI Discrimination Case Tracker
Government AI Hallucination Tracker
Will AI Replace Lawyers?
Certain decisions made by judges are likely to be automated to some degree. However, where judicial discretion is essential, it is unlikely that AI will replace judges.
What does “ Will AI replace judges” mean?
It refers to artificial intelligence carrying out tasks or decisions that are currently made by human judges. This can range from administrative help and decision support to full automation of certain rulings, such as damages or sentencing.
Are any courts already using AI judges?
Some courts are testing AI tools, I will be uploading articles on this exact question shortly.
Why are people debating AI in judicial decision-making now?
Advances in machine learning and generative AI have made automation more capable. Judges and legal bodies are discussing how far these tools can go without undermining fairness, transparency and public confidence in the courts.
What is meant by “judicial automation”?
Judicial automation covers any use of technology that reduces or replaces manual court tasks. It includes AI systems for research, drafting, scheduling, and even predictive analysis of case outcomes.
What safeguards are needed if AI is used in courts?
Many are asking for transparency, disclosure of AI use, human oversight, appeal rights, and clear accountability for errors or bias.
Who is tracking these developments?
This tracker seeks to bring together verified statements from judges, lawyers, academics and regulators on AI judges and AI in courts, showing where real change is happening.
How often is the tracker updated?
It is updated weekly as new comments, policies and pilot projects emerge.
Can I submit information or sources?
Yes please do! Judges, practitioners, academics and regulators can submit reliable materials or verified quotes with a source link. Please use the “contact us” link above.
How accurate is the information in this tracker?
Every effort has been made to check that the information and sources in this tracker are accurate and up to date. Each entry links to a primary or verifiable source wherever possible. However, readers should always review the original material and form their own view. The tracker is designed to share reliable information on these important topics, not to act as legal advice or a final authority.
